Acid-induced disassembly of the Haemophilus ducreyi cytolethal distending toxin.

The cytolethal distending toxins (CDTs) produced by many Gram-negative pathogens are tripartite genotoxins with a single catalytic subunit (CdtB) and two cell-binding subunits (CdtA + CdtC). CDT moves by vesicle carriers from the cell surface to the endosomes and through the Golgi apparatus en route to the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). CdtA dissociates from the rest of the toxin before reaching the Golgi apparatus, and CdtB separates from CdtC in the ER. The free CdtB subunit, which is only active after holotoxin disassembly, then crosses the ER membrane and enters the nucleus where it generates DNA breaks. We hypothesized that the acidified lumen of the endosomes is responsible for separating CdtA from the CdtB/CdtC heterodimer. To test this prediction, possible acid-induced disruptions to the CDT holotoxin were monitored by size exclusion chromatography and surface plasmon resonance. We found that CDT could not efficiently assemble from its individual subunits at the early endosome pH of 6.3. Partial disassembly of the CDT holotoxin also occurred at pH 6.3, with complete separation of CdtA from an intact CdtB/CdtC heterodimer occurring at both pH 6.0 and the late endosome pH of 5.6. Acidification caused the precipitation of CdtA at pH 6.5 and below, but neither CdtB nor CdtC were affected by a pH as low as 5.2. Circular dichroism further showed that the individual CdtB subunit adopts a different secondary structure as compared to its structure in the holotoxin. We conclude the first stage of CDT disassembly occurs in the early endosomes, where an acid-induced alteration to CdtA releases it from the CdtB/CdtC heterodimer.

Employment Trajectories Across the Life Course and Oral Health Among Older Persons in a Developing Country.

A significant research gap on socioeconomic determinants of oral health among older persons is that socioeconomic indicators, like employment status, have essentially been problematized and measured using a cross-sectional approach. Based on a life course approach, and using data from a population-representative, face-to-face and longitudinal-retrospective survey focused on older people in Chile (N = 802), we reconstructed representative types of individual employment trajectories and measured their association with different oral health indicators in old age. Our results show that employment trajectories characterized by continuous, formal, full-time employment have a protective effect for multiple oral health indicators among older people. Our study demonstrates the need for public policies on oral health in old age to incorporate a life course approach and to consider the negative impact of constantly working in informal employment or being out of the labor market permanently, particularly in countries like Chile where temporary and informal employment has risen steadily.

Niñez migrante en Chile: metasíntesis de experiencias educativas con enfoque de derechos / Migrant children in Chile: Metasynthesis of educational experiences using a rights-based approach / Crianças migrantes no Chile: Metas-síntese de experiências educacionais com enfoque de direitos

Resumen (analítico) Este artículo presenta el resultado de una metasíntesis cualitativa de experiencias educativas de la niñez migrante en Chile, realizada a partir del análisis de los principales estándares de cumplimiento de los derechos de los niños y niñas, específicamente de los principios derivados del derecho a la educación. Durante septiembre de 2019 se realizó una revisión sistemática de artículos en las bases de datos Ebscohost, SciELO, Dialnet y Redalyc, principalmente. Se incluyeron artículos originales derivados de investigaciones realizadas en Chile sobre niñez migrante y educación. Los resultados indican que, si bien los principios de acceso y disponibilidad están más bien resueltos en materia de educación, los desafíos radican en fortalecer procesos de inclusión educativa desde una perspectiva intercultural.

Abstract (analytical) This article presents a study based on a qualitative metasynthesis of educational experiences of migrant children in Chile using a children's rights perspective based on compliance with these rights, specifically the right to education. A systematic review of articles was carried out in September 2019 using the EBSCOhost, SciELO, Dialnet and Redalyc databases. This literature review focused on original articles describing research in on migrant children and education in Chile. The results indicate that although the principles of access and availability are considered an educational issue, challenges involve strengthening educational inclusion processes using an intercultural perspective.

Resumo (analítico) Este artigo apresenta um estudo baseado em uma metassíntese qualitativa de experiências educacionais de crianças migrantes no Chile sob uma perspectiva de direitos, com base nos principais padrões de cumprimento dos direitos das crianças, especificamente nos princípios derivados da lei para a educação. Uma revisão sistemática dos artigos foi realizada em setembro de 2019 nas bases de dados EBSCOhost, SciELO, Dialnet e Redalyc, principalmente artigos originais derivados de pesquisas realizadas no Chile sobre crianças e educação migrantes. Os resultados indicam que, embora os princípios de acesso e disponibilidade sejam bastante resolvidos na educação, os desafios estão no fortalecimento dos processos de inclusão educacional a partir de uma perspectiva intercultural.

Estudio preliminar del estado periodontal de pacientes con infarto cerebral isquémico / Preliminary study of the periodontal status of patients with ischemic stroke

Introducción: se reporta a la periodontitis como factor de riesgo de las siguientes enfermedades: diabetes mellitus, partos pretérminos, neonatos bajo peso, infecciones respiratorias, entre otras. Se atribuye destacada importancia al vínculo con enfermedades derivadas de la ateroesclerosis como infartos cardíacos y cerebrales. Objetivo: determinar posible asociación entre enfermedad periodontal e infarto cerebral isquémico aterotrobótico. Materiales y métodos: entre octubre 2015 y marzo del 2016, se realizó un estudio transversal observacional, de casos y controles, en los Hospitales "Freyre de Andrade" y "Dr. Luis Díaz Soto". Se registraron factores de riesgo para el infarto cerebral isquémico aterotrobótico y el estado periodontal, según el indice periodontal de Russell. El grupo control se homologó respecto a los casos en una proporción de 1X1, según edad, sexo, color de la piel y al menos 1 factor de riesgo reconocido del infarto cerebral. Se respetaron principios y normativas bioéticas para investigaciones biomédicas. Se emplearon medidas de resumen para datos cualitativos (frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes). Resultados: fueron estudiados 44 pacientes, 22 casos y 22 controles, mayoritariamente de 71 o más años, masculinos y blancos. Predominaron los pacientes con enfermedad periodontal sobre los sanos periodontalmente, 88,6 % y 11,4 %; respectivamente. La periodontitis fue el estado que prevaleció. La hipertensión arterial fue el factor asociado al infarto cerebral isquémico aterotrobótico que se presentó con mayor frecuencia, 61,4 %. Conclusiones: en todos los grupos la enfermedad periodontal predominó respecto al resto de factores de riesgo explorados del infarto cerebral isquémico, lo que pudiera sugerir asociación entre ambas enfermedades (AU).

Introduction: periodontitis is reported as a risk factor for diseases such as diabetes mellitus, preterm births, low weight neonates, and respiratory infections among others. The relationship between periodontal disease and diseases caused by atherosclerosis such as ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction has been emphasized. Objective: to determine the possible association between periodontal disease and atherothrombotic ischemic cerebral infarction (AICI). Materials and Methods: in the period from October 2015 to March 2016, an observational, case-control, cross-sectional study was carried out at the Hospitals "Freyre de Andrade" and " Dr. Luis Díaz Soto". Risk factors were recorded for AICI and the periodontal state, according to the revised Periodontal Russell's Index. The control group was homologated for cases at a ratio of 1x1, based on age, sex, skin color and at least 1 recognized AICI risk factor. Bioethical principles and regulations for biomedical research were respected. Summary measures were used for qualitative data (absolute frequencies and percentages). Results: 44 patients were studied, 22 cases and 22 controls, most of them aged 71 or more years, male and white. Patients with periodontal disease predominated over the periodontally healthy ones (88, 6 % y 11, 4 % respectively). Periodontitis was the most prevalent condition. High blood pressure was the most frequent factor associated to AICI, 61.4 %. Conclusions: in all groups, periodontal disease prevailed over the rest of the explored AICI risk factors, what may suggest an association between both diseases (AU).

Estudio preliminar del estado periodontal de pacientes con infarto cerebral isquémico / Preliminary study of the periodontal status of patients with ischemic stroke

Introducción: se reporta a la periodontitis como factor de riesgo de las siguientes enfermedades: diabetes mellitus, partos pretérminos, neonatos bajo peso, infecciones respiratorias, entre otras. Se atribuye destacada importancia al vínculo con enfermedades derivadas de la ateroesclerosis como infartos cardíacos y cerebrales. Objetivo: determinar posible asociación entre enfermedad periodontal e infarto cerebral isquémico aterotrobótico. Materiales y métodos: entre octubre 2015 y marzo del 2016, se realizó un estudio transversal observacional, de casos y controles, en los Hospitales "Freyre de Andrade" y "Dr. Luis Díaz Soto". Se registraron factores de riesgo para el infarto cerebral isquémico aterotrobótico y el estado periodontal, según el indice periodontal de Russell. El grupo control se homologó respecto a los casos en una proporción de 1X1, según edad, sexo, color de la piel y al menos 1 factor de riesgo reconocido del infarto cerebral. Se respetaron principios y normativas bioéticas para investigaciones biomédicas. Se emplearon medidas de resumen para datos cualitativos (frecuencias absolutas y porcentajes). Resultados: fueron estudiados 44 pacientes, 22 casos y 22 controles, mayoritariamente de 71 o más años, masculinos y blancos. Predominaron los pacientes con enfermedad periodontal sobre los sanos periodontalmente, 88,6 % y 11,4 %; respectivamente. La periodontitis fue el estado que prevaleció. La hipertensión arterial fue el factor asociado al infarto cerebral isquémico aterotrobótico que se presentó con mayor frecuencia, 61,4 %. Conclusiones: en todos los grupos la enfermedad periodontal predominó respecto al resto de factores de riesgo explorados del infarto cerebral isquémico, lo que pudiera sugerir asociación entre ambas enfermedades (AU).

Introduction: periodontitis is reported as a risk factor for diseases such as diabetes mellitus, preterm births, low weight neonates, and respiratory infections among others. The relationship between periodontal disease and diseases caused by atherosclerosis such as ischemic stroke and myocardial infarction has been emphasized. Objective: to determine the possible association between periodontal disease and atherothrombotic ischemic cerebral infarction (AICI). Materials and Methods: in the period from October 2015 to March 2016, an observational, case-control, cross-sectional study was carried out at the Hospitals "Freyre de Andrade" and " Dr. Luis Díaz Soto". Risk factors were recorded for AICI and the periodontal state, according to the revised Periodontal Russell's Index. The control group was homologated for cases at a ratio of 1x1, based on age, sex, skin color and at least 1 recognized AICI risk factor. Bioethical principles and regulations for biomedical research were respected. Summary measures were used for qualitative data (absolute frequencies and percentages). Results: 44 patients were studied, 22 cases and 22 controls, most of them aged 71 or more years, male and white. Patients with periodontal disease predominated over the periodontally healthy ones (88, 6 % y 11, 4 % respectively). Periodontitis was the most prevalent condition. High blood pressure was the most frequent factor associated to AICI, 61.4 %. Conclusions: in all groups, periodontal disease prevailed over the rest of the explored AICI risk factors, what may suggest an association between both diseases (AU).

Subsidio por incapacidad temporal no tramitado del personal de EsSalud y su repercusión económica en la Red Asistencial Lambayeque, Julio - Diciembre 2016 / Temporary non-processed disability allowance of EsSalud staff and its economic impact on the Lambayeque Healthcare Network, July - December 2016

El problema de la presente tesis fue ¿Cómo los subsidios por incapacidad temporal no tramitados del personal de Essalud, repercuten en la económica en la Red Asistencial Lambayeque, Julio - Diciembre 2016?, su objetivo correspondiente fue determinar la repercusión económica del subsidio por Incapacidad temporal no tramitado del personal de Essalud Red Asistencial Lambayeque periodo julio a diciembre 2016. Hay dos hipótesis, la primera asevera que Si los subsidios por incapacidad temporal del personal de Essalud No se tramitan entonces repercute en la economía de la Red Asistencial Lambayeque en el periodo Julio a Diciembre 2016. Y la otra Hipótesis afirma que Si los subsidios por incapacidad temporal del personal de Essalud se tramitan entonces No repercute en la economía de la Red Asistencial Lambayeque en el periodo Julio a Diciembre 2016. Por eso, el tipo de investigación fue Descriptivo. De esta manera el diseño de investigación fue no experimental, transversal, descriptivo simple. La población estuvo constituida por 126 Trabajadores. No existe muestra, pues se trabajó con toda la población. En esa población se empleó los reportes del sistema SPSS, así como el sistema Excel. Se concluyó que existe una significativa repercusión económica en la Red Asistencial Lambayeque por el Subsidio de incapacidad no tramitado de su personal en el periodo de Julio - Diciembre 2016.

Exploring the relations among the nature of the abuse, perceived parental support, and child's self-concept and trauma symptoms among sexually abused children.

This study examined two resiliency factors: self-concept and perceived parental support, in conjunction with abuse factors that impact psychological functioning. Data were collected on 61 sexually abused children prior to treatment. Findings indicate that a child's self-concept was associated with all the trauma symptoms except sexual concerns and did account for a significant amount of variance in relation to trauma symptomatology. Parental support was only associated with the Dissociation and was not found to account for variance in relation to trauma symptoms. Factors specific to the sexual abuse found that when a child endured a lengthy abuse period, their self-concept was more negative.

[Optimization of a cake formulation with functional characteristics using resistant starch, Sphagnum magellanicum moss and deffated hazel nut flour (Gevuina avellana, Mol)]. / Optimización de una formulación de queques (cakes) con características funcionales a partir de almidones resistentes, Sphagnum magellanicum y harina desgrasada de avellana (Gevuina avellana Mol).

Resistant starch (RS) Hi Maize 260, Sphagnum magellanicum Moss (SM) both natural resources rich in total dietary fiber, and defatted hazel nut flour (DHN) as protein resource were used in the development of a pastry product (queque) with functional characteristics. Taguchi methodology was utilized in the optimization process using the orthogonal array L934 with four control factors: RS, SM. DHN and Master Gluten 4000 (MG), 3 factor levels and 9 experimental trials. The best result of Sensory Quality (SQ) and signal to noise ratio (S/N) was obtained combining the minor levels of the independent variables. Main effect (average effects of factor) analysis and anova analysis showed that SM and DHN were the control factors with a significant influence (p<0.05) on the CS with a relative contribution of 83%. It is important to emphasize the total dietary fiber (8.7%) and protein (7.2%) values, the formers due to the presence of RS and SM. Shelf life study showed that the sensory characteristics flavour, appearance and texture were not affected when samples were stored at refrigerated temperatures but not at 20 degrees C, specifically flavour always kept a good preference during the whole period of time. Samples of optimized cakes showed very good results when they were submitted to hedonic test with 100% of favorable consumer's opinions.